King Lear Essays (500 words) - Fiction, Literature, Philosophy

King Lear Annonymous In the novel Heart Of Darkness, written by Joseph Conrad, the main character makes a decision to go against his convictions by telling a lie about Kurtz?s death to the intended. After careful analysis of the situation, one can see that Marlow is justified in lying to the intended because the lie enables Marlow live the rest of his life without having to bear the weight of truth on his shoulders. There was great meaning in the actual final words uttered by Kurtz. Kurtz had seen the true heart of man, and he knew of the evil. In his final words ?the horror, the horror?(68), Marlow comes to understand and to accept Kurtz?s view of life. The things that Kurtz had both done and seen in his life were in fact horrible, but was something that Marlow was able to look past. This is later clear by what is in his thoughts as he talks to the woman. He condemning mankind as a whole with this statement. . This is why Marlow keeps the words to himself. It allows him to preserve hope both in the intended, and more importantly in himself. Early in the story Marlow makes it clear that he detests lies. He says ?There is a taint of death, a flavor of mortality in lies-which is exactly what I hate and detest in the world(29).? This quote comes to mind at the end of the book when Marlow blatantly lies to the intended, but there is plenty evidence that Marlow?s has not changed, only his method of avoiding what he hates. He says that he hates the morality, and the taint of death associated with lies, but in this case these things are associated with the truth. Marlow tells of a vision that he has on his way into see the intended. He says that he saw Kurtz ?on the stretcher opening his mouth voraciously as if to devour all of the earth with all its mankind? and that he had seen Kurtz as ?a shadow insatiable of splendid appearances, of frightful realities, a shadow darker than the shadow of night,(72). This is a real and vivid description of his feelings for Kurtz. To Marlow, Kurtz was an evil force that represented horror of what people could easily become under the right circumstances. Marlow lied to the woman in an attempt to block this bitter truth from his mind. In this story, the main character is faced with with a decision. He had the option to either tell the woman the actual final words of her loved one, or to make up new ones which she would find soothing. Marlow choose the the latter of the two, but it was almost as though he was unable to tell her the truth. He claimed that the truth was much too dark, but that explanation could mean anything. The reason he did not tell her was because he was afraid of the truth, and was totally unable to deal with it, except in his subconscious mind. It is clear that he was justified in his actions, because he had only one real choice, and that was to lie.

Critical Essays on Keats poems Essays

Critical Essays on Keats poems Essays Critical Essays on Keats poems Paper Critical Essays on Keats poems Paper Essay Topic: Keats Poems and Letters Language is used effectively in both odes to create mood. In the opening stanza of Ode to a Nightingale, there is a sense of sluggishness, suggested by the heavy alliterative d, p and m sounds when Keats describes his heartache at hearing the song of the nightingale, ambivalently experiencing both joy and pain. Compared with the first half of the first stanza, the second half is full of light and sensual assonantal sounds such as beechen, green and ease. In this particular ode, there is a concentration on the senses and frequent use of synaethesia. In the first stanza, the visual can be said to evoke the aural and vice versa where the birds plot is described as melodious. In the second stanza, Keats manages to convey the taste of wine with reference to colour, song, dance and sensation, Tasting of Flora Dance, an Proveni al song, and sunburnt mirth. The fourth stanza combines sight with movement in there is not light, Save what from heaven is with the breezes blown, and in the fifth stanza there is emphasis put on the senses of touch and smell in soft incense. In the opening line of Ode on Grecian Urn, Keats makes use of a long drawn out i sound with his repetition in still unravished bride of quietness. Since Ode on a Grecian Urn is about a work of art, Keats draws attention to the fact that his ode is a work of art with the use of assonance, echoes and insistent sound patterns. His use of repetition in the second stanza, unheard echoes heard, sweeter sweet and pipes pipe, is effectively combined with the assonance of ears endeard and no tone. It is the frequent use of parallelism, constant personification of the urn, and the invocations and exclamations of this ode that highlights the specific language used for the reader. This ode uses what can be said to be poetic language as it draws attention to its artifice, to the fact that the poem has been consciously and artfully constructed. Both odes are written in ten-line stanzas, however, Ode to a Nightingale differs from Ode on a Grecian Urn in that it is metrically variable. It also differs from the other odes in that the rhyme scheme is the same in every stanza and consists of Keatss most basic rhyme scheme of all the odes, as it follows the scheme AB AB CDE CDE. Comparably, Ode on a Grecian Urn follows a similar structure to Ode on Melancholy and is made up of a two-part rhyme scheme. This rhyme scheme helps to create a sense of a two-part thematic structure where the first four lines of each stanza roughly outline the subject of the stanza, and the last six lines develop it. The final two lines of Ode on a Grecian Urn, in which the speaker imagines the urn speaking its message to mankind, Beauty is truth, truth beauty, have proved to be amongst the most difficult to interpret of Keatss work, along with the final lines of Ode to a Nightingale, where the speaker asks Was it a vision, or a waking dream? Do I wake or sleep? Keatss final question on the status of his experience in Ode to a Nightingale is problematic for a number of reasons. Whilst some critics have affirmed that the poem is about the inadequacy of the imagination, others believe there is a greater kind of ambivalence in Keatss attitude. It has been argued that Keats still suggests through his final question that such a vision or experience is possible, or at least, something he longs for. The last two lines of Ode on a Grecian Urn, Beauty is truth, truth beauty, is perplexing and has sparked much debate. However, it has been interpreted in several ways, mainly, in that it could be the speaker addressing the urn and it could also be the urn addressing mankind. It has been argued that if it is the speaker addressing the urn, then it would seem to indicate their awareness of the urns limitations, however, if it is the urn addressing mankind, it would appear that Keatss message is that beauty and truth are one and the same. There are significant differences between Ode to a Nightingale and Ode on a Grecian Urn, as in the latter, there is a sense of formality not experienced in Ode to a Nightingale. Most notably, there is no I and the focus is not so much on the mind as on the work of art, the urn itself. The suppression of Ode to a Nightingale is matched in Ode on a Grecian Urn, and in many ways, can be said to be companion poems. In the later poem, the speaker confronts a created art-object not subject to any of the limitations of time, whilst in Ode to a Nightingale, Keatss speaker achieves creative expression through the nightingales song which is spontaneous and without physical manifestation. In conclusion, though there are both evident similarities between the two odes, it is clear that their differences outnumber them. Whilst Ode on a Grecian Urn is much more formal, Ode to a Nightingale is arguably the more personal, if not the most personal out of Keatss odes. Perhaps it is the opening of the ode with the statement My heart aches that makes the ode appear subjective, whilst Ode on a Grecian Urn combines both subjective poetic expression but also objective historical expression. Although similar in format, the odes differ in their rhyme schemes and also it is the many paradoxes of Ode on a Grecian Urn that differentiate it from the Ode to a Nightingale. One of the many paradoxes found in this ode is that of the urn itself, as it is silent but is also said to be a historian that can communicate. Ultimately, one can appreciate that there are a variety of comparative and contrasting elements of the two odes, however individual each one may be. Bibliography Glennis Byron York Notes Advanced, John Keats Selected Poems Longman Literature Guides, Critical Essays on Keats poems and letters Helen Vendler, The Odes of John Keats

Power Production - sources of power production

Power Production - sources of power production Fuel Coal, oil, natural gas (or gas generated from landfills), wood fires, and hydrogen fuel cell technology are all examples of fuels, wherein the resource is consumed to release inherent energetic properties, usually being combusted to generate heat energy. Fuels may be either renewable (like wood or bio-fuel generated from products such as corn) or non-renewable (like coal or oil). Fuels generally create waste byproducts, some of which can be harmful pollutants. Geothermal The Earth generates a lot of heat while going about its normal business, in the form of subterranean steam and magma among others. The geothermal energy generated within the Earths crust can be harnessed and transformed into other forms of energy, such as electricity. Hydropower The use of hydropower involves using the kinetic motion in water as it flows downstream, part of the normal water cycle of the Earth, to generate other forms of energy, most notably electricity. Dams use this property as a means of generating electricity. This form of hydropower is called hydroelectricity. Waterwheels were an ancient technology which also made use of this concept to generate kinetic energy to run equipment, such as a grain mill, though it was not until the creation of modern water turbines that the principle of electromagnetic induction was used to generate electricity. Solar The sun is the single most significant source of energy to the planet Earth, and any energy that it provides which isnt used to help plants grow or to heat the Earth is basically lost. Solar power can be used with solar voltaic power cells to generate electricity. Certain regions of the world receive more direct sunlight than others, so solar energy is not uniformly practical for all areas. Wind Modern windmills can transfer the kinetic energy of the air flowing through them into other forms of energy, such as electricity. There are some environmental concerns with using wind energy, because the windmills often injure birds who may be passing through the region. Nuclear Certain elements undergo radioactive decay. Harnessing this nuclear energy and transforming it into electricity is one way to generate substantial power. Nuclear power is controversial because the material used can be dangerous and resultant waste products are toxic. Accidents that take place at nuclear power plants, such as Chernobyl, are devastating to local populations and environments. Still, many nations have adopted nuclear power as a significant energy alternative. As opposed to nuclear fission, where particles decay into smaller particles, scientists are continuing to study feasible ways of harnessing nuclear fusion for power production.   Biomass Biomass is not really a separate type of energy, so much as a specific type of fuel. It is generated from organic waste products, such as cornhusks, sewage, and grass clippings. This material contains residual energy, which can be released by burning it in biomass power plants. Since these waste products always exist, it is considered a renewable resource.

Discuss the benefits and drawbacks of market research particularly in Essay

Discuss the benefits and drawbacks of market research particularly in relation to new and innovative products - Essay Example Qualitative methods are used to understand complex social phenomena. They are suitable to seek knowledge about the fundamental characteristics of a phenomenon under study. It includes focus group among small group through exploratory or explanatory study and gathers information. It tries to understand and answers how and why through discussion and in-depth face-to-face, telephone or online interviews. Quantitative research is gathering data in quantity. The goal of the quantitative research approach is to find out the truth by using statistical procedure. Quantitative methodology allows readers to understand facts easily by looking at charts and graphs. The use of statistics reduces contradictions, which may exist in research. Market Research helps in creating better communication with current and potential customers. A good research enables a company to tailor effective and target marketing through various marketing campaigns towards its desired segment. It allows a firm to directly interact with its current and potential customers to understand their needs. Market research helps the businesses to identify potential opportunities, for example before opening a retail outlet or restaurant, the location is very important, especially if there is no competitor in that area. This would be called identifying opportunity. Another example can be offering a service in a location which need such service, such as Amazon, identified an opportunity of online booking selling and in no time, it became successful due to niche in the market.. Market research gives greater confidence in starting a venture as extensive research shows the potential risk and benefits of starting up a business. Even if there is potential opportunity, a good prior research about the product is essential among the potential customers to know the true value of the product. One such kind of example is

Diabetes Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Diabetes - Research Paper Example Diabetes describes a group of metabolic diseases in which the person has high blood glucose, also known as blood sugar, either because insulin production in the body is inadequate or the body’s cells do not respond properly to insulin, or both occur at the same time (Nordqvist). Furthermore, he states that people with diabetes experience frequent urination, become increasingly thirsty and hungry. The following are the major symptoms of diabetes: constant tiredness; unexplained weight loss; excessive thirst; excessive urination; excessive eating; poor wound healing; infections such as yeast infections of the genitals, skin infections and frequent urinary tract infections; altered mental status shown through agitation, unexplained irritability, inattention, extreme lethargy or confusion; and finally, blurred vision (Ferry). If a person experiences these symptoms, he or she should call a health care professional for assistance. There are many factors that contribute to oneâ€℠¢s getting diabetes, which include genetics, lifestyle, and the environment in which a person lives. Family history (genetics) is a factor in the development of diabetes but it alone does not determine the onset of the disease; moreover, some people are born with a predisposition for the disease but that environmental factors are needed to trigger the disease (Chandler). Age is also a factor in determining whether one has diabetes or whether he has the potential to have it and an example of this is in the case of juvenile diabetes which is usually diagnosed during childhood or young adulthood. Obesity is a major risk factor with eighty to ninety percent of all diabetes patients being obese. A high fat diet and extra body fat can make the liver increase the production of glucose. A lack of physical activity in addition to contributing to obesity also increases the risk of developing diabetes because during exercise, the cells in the body take in seven to twenty times more glucose tha n it does at rest. However, while genetics play an important role, an individual still has the responsibility to take very good care of their health to prevent diabetes (Stoppler). She insists that people should watch their weight and exercise more to ensure that the probability of getting the disease especially those with a genetic predisposition to do so, is greatly reduced. Furthermore, diet is also important because it helps with weight loss because there are some foods such as nuts which when consumed in small amounts provide benefits in blood sugar regulation. There are some tests available which can be used to see whether a person is at an increased risk of getting the disease and these should be done frequently to ensure that there is early detection of the disease. Smoking is harmful in many ways because it not only increases the risk of cancer and heart disease, but it also increases the risk of developing diabetes. There are numerous national organizations that conduct re search and provide information and physical referrals for cases of diabetes. A very good example is of this is Diabetes Australia, which is an Australian non–profit organization which works in partnership with diabetes consumer organizations, health professionals, educators, and researchers to minimize the

International human resources Essay Example for Free

International human resources Essay It is the biggest challenge of companies today to maintain and attract best employees thus the realization in holding trainings and conferences for top executives to level officers is exceedingly in demand. Initiating strategies and solutions regarding employee retention and human resource management keep on going to minimize costs and money. There are many promising solutions in going through a lot of obstacles in human resource recruitment. We may start on some questions that would spark a new beginning: are the employees are given the chance to speak? Are new ideas accepted? Are benefits really beneficial to employees? Does the employees’ opinion count? Are works valued, evaluated and rewarded on their performance? This are simple questions that has an impact to the existing problems in many companies, regardless of size, incorporating other issues like repatriation, better opportunities, poor treatment, differences in culture and disagreement on the direction of the company, lack of recognition, indefinite growth prospects and poor relationship among co-workers. Keeping people and maintaining them for a longer period of time is the most difficult and challenging tasks for all human resources managers nowadays, hopefully, we will answer possible keys and solutions to these burning questions throughout the discussion. Why are people leaving from one company to another? A wide variety of reasons why are people leaving their jobs to find new companies includes: expectations were not satisfactorily fulfilled, unsuitable for the role, do not fit with the company’s culture, insufficient opportunities for growth and development, inadequate acknowledgment and admiration, problems with a manager or supervisor, not satisfied with the compensation, stress, lack of work and life balance, and lack of confidence in the company and leadership (Meyers). According to Susan Heathfield (Heathfield, 2007), most employees are leaving their work for reasons of searching new opportunities with other companies. Three top reasons were identified by Heathfield: fifty three percent of employees look for better rewards and benefits, thirty five percent were discontented with prospects of career growth and development, and thirty two percent were ready for a new experience and new environment. The motivating factors that can enhance the continuous stay of employees were examined by Bob Losyk on his article, here are the different factors that he stated: dignity and respect, involvement and participation, pay above the industry average, showcase superior workers, and by showing support to employees (Losyk). Giving dignity and respect is one of the most important key elements in satisfying the employees, harsh words, shouting, insults, and abuse of power will only result to demoralization, low morale, increase possibilities of absenteeism, and in turn resignation. Losyk added that employers should be treated with high respect, worth and goodness, let them relax, be independent and empowered. Do not crash on people who make mistakes instead make it more constructive and let them learn from it. Involvement and participation is also a significant factor in dealing with employees’ motivation to stay in the company, by listening to their suggestions, aspirations, and ideas can make them more involved and active much as with belongingness and partnership. Paying above the industry average will surely and literally compensate the best employee thus giving and making more money for you. Great employees should be compensated for what they gave back to the company and it should not be as simple as paying back but to reward and constantly recognize their efforts. For sure, companies who have the best employees will have more satisfied clients because of the excellent services they receive and in return a greater chance of repeat business will likely to come. Another tip from Losyk is to highlight and draw attention to outstanding employees by giving awards, certificates, extra remuneration, dinners as well as posting their photos on bulletin boards or company newsletters. To share and show support, to listen and know their personal and family problems can be a key factor for lasting relationship with employees. It will create a positive and motivating atmosphere resulting to a more productive and high-quality employees (Losyk). Increasing demand for immigrant workforce and opportunities abroad: The increasing demand of hiring cross-cultural workforce is a global necessity to respond the needs internationally. But because of the terms and conditions in hiring immigrants, it is very difficult to establish a worthy and constant employee for a particular business due to numerous alternative employment with other companies. To better understand the recruitment, hiring and retaining the best employees especially the immigrants and ethnic workers, it is important that we should consider the culture, traditions, and beliefs, know the different ethnic lifestyles and values, appreciate the impact that the immigrant workforce is influencing the management, and study the fabrications on recruitment of diverse ethnic groups. In addition to Losyk’s article, he stressed that it is significant that companies must understand the needs and desires most Hispanic and Asian workers want from a workplace, discover how to give comment to immigrant employees, determine the critical factors needed to train Asian, Hispanic and other cross-cultural groups, and create management techniques that can work and understand the involvement and recognition with the ethnic groups (Losyk). Further problems encountered by other employers is when their employees who are assigned to work overseas over a period of time will transfer to another companies in a few months to seek greener pastures. These are real and actual happenings in most development organizations when workers or volunteers enter into a contract to gain experience overseas and marked it as a stepping stone to find great opportunities abroad. How can companies and organizations struggle to this concurrent problem? Is this just a cycle to be left out and find new workers to continue the job? Are there any other holistic means that we can manage to surpass this continuing global recruitment problem?

Essay --

Some people are born with the knowledge on how to maintain and manage their time and others learn it as they grow. I was not so fortunate. While I managed to keep my work areas organized and had somewhat of a routine to help keep my life in relative order, I was always struggling with â€Å"losing† time. It was a problem that always left me feeling guilty about not finishing on time while at same time I was overwhelmed about things that were piling up. I always procrastinated and never got things done the day I thought I should. When I was occupied at school or hanging with friends, I was constantly stressing about the many task I had to get done at home. Then when I was at home I would think about tasks that were left undone in the â€Å"outside world†. It was a never ending cycle that prevented me from being relaxed or enjoyed some days. In the book Time Management from the Inside Out by Julie Morgenstern explains a variety of plans for time management by breaking them down into easy steps. The plans offer different options and structures for people who are constantly struggling with time ma... Essay -- Some people are born with the knowledge on how to maintain and manage their time and others learn it as they grow. I was not so fortunate. While I managed to keep my work areas organized and had somewhat of a routine to help keep my life in relative order, I was always struggling with â€Å"losing† time. It was a problem that always left me feeling guilty about not finishing on time while at same time I was overwhelmed about things that were piling up. I always procrastinated and never got things done the day I thought I should. When I was occupied at school or hanging with friends, I was constantly stressing about the many task I had to get done at home. Then when I was at home I would think about tasks that were left undone in the â€Å"outside world†. It was a never ending cycle that prevented me from being relaxed or enjoyed some days. In the book Time Management from the Inside Out by Julie Morgenstern explains a variety of plans for time management by breaking them down into easy steps. The plans offer different options and structures for people who are constantly struggling with time ma...

Food Chemistry Options Report Essay

Food Chemistry What is food chemistry? Food chemistry is the application of the actual science that goes into the production, development, and actual creation of the foods we frequently consume. In reality, much more thought as well as actual science goes into the food production and consumption that we as a society divulge in so regularly. It is up to the food chemists to design the most efficient and fastest way to make and preserve both the appeal as well as the nutrition of the food. With that being said, not only must the food meet the standards of the consumers, but the chemistry behind it must also be in line with the guidelines set up by organizations such as the FDA. Perhaps the most important factor when looking into a food is it’s chemical composition. For example, typical lipids include phospholipids, sterols, and vitamin D which because of their structures remain soluble in organic solvents but insoluble in water. A common lipid makeup of a fatty food contains an intricate mixture of many different molecules. A large part of these lipid makeups are usually a good amount of triacylglycercols which are literally the esters of three fatty acids bonded to a glycerol molecule. Variation in fatty foods are then caused by differences in chain length, degree of unsaturation, and position on the glycerol molecule(ACS). Another prominent factor when considering the different types of fats is that the unique profile of lipids present determines the exact nutritional as well as physiochemical properties. As the discussion of food fat and oils continues, it is important to distinguish that the difference between the two is that a â€Å"fat† is a lipid that is solid at room temperature whereas an â€Å"oil† is a lipid that is liquid at that same temperature. Along with lipids, carbohydrates also have a very different chemical structure that contributes to their unique qualities. Carbohydrates exist in combinations of carbon, oxygen, and hydrogen which really shows how simple the base structure of a carbohydrate is. In the presence of animals, carbohydrates can be seen as starches whereas in plants they are most commonly noticed as cellulose. Carbohydrates can be most commonly identified in their base state as simple sugars but they can quickly combine to form complex structures as more of the simple sugars combine. A common structure for a simple sugar or monosaccharide is a carbon chain ending with a carbonyl group that also has hydroxyl groups spread out over the molecule. The main difference from some simple sugars to others is the specific orientation of the hydroxyl groups around the simple sugar chain. As the talk of lipids goes more into depth, it is important to distinguish between the different types of fat and in this case the differences between saturated and unsaturated fats. It has long been common knowledge that unsaturated fat is better for you and that saturated fat is just horrible for you but it has never really been explained at all. However, when examining into the actual chemical effects that these two fats can have, it becomes much easier to see why one would be considered so much healthier over the other. As the chemical structure of saturated fats are examined it can be seen that since the molecule is so concentrated with hydrogen atoms, there is no double bonds contained between the atoms. These saturated fats have been known to raise cholesterol levels because of the more dense fat that must be consumed. When the structures of unsaturated fats are looked at, it can be seen that there is a huge difference between it’s chemical structure and that of the saturated fat. This difference is shown by the presence of double bonds between some of the atoms. This presence of double bonds then shows that the atom has a much less concentrated state in comparison to the saturated fats which also explains why it remains at a liquid at room temperature instead of a more dense solid. As a result, these unsaturated fats take much less of an effort by the body to consume since they are less dense which is really what helps them in being considered so much healthier. Shelf life, the length of time a product can be stored without becoming unsuitable for use or consumption(Gyesley S. . There are many factors that go into the preserved shelf life of foods and many of which that have to do with the actual chemical composition of the food in question. These factors include the food’s exposure to light, heat, water content, as well as exposures of the food to air in general which can lead to slow but actual chemical changes over time. The main problem associated with the exposure of light onto foods is how strong the affect of light can manage t o be. Too much light will cause a loss in the presence of vitamins as well as the overall appearance since the excess of light can lead to a much faster deterioration of the food. There can really be a problem with the amount of water content in packaged foods today too, as that can affect the rate at which that food undergoes chemical changes however if the food comes dry and then begins to pick up moisture it can drastically change the rate at which microbial spoilage will take place. These chemical changes in the food is really what leads to the sharp decline in shelf life as well as the quality of the food and it is influenced in a very strong way by the temperature at which the food is stored. A gallon of milk left out at room temperature spawns microbial growth much faster than one that is left in the refrigerator. It is important to realize how important the preservation of food becomes after reading about how easily food can spoil. The first of these is one of the most obvious that involves storing dairy products at low temperatures which usually encompasses using a refrigerator. There are also some techniques that change the packaging such as many foods these days that are packaged in reduced oxygen. The growth of the traditional spoilage organisms can be prevented by the application of this new method at a higher rate than ever before. The use of these new packaging techniques really differs from the past when one of the most common forms of preservation in meats was to salt them very heavily. As that is now still an option, it is used way less often because of how unhealthy that has become to be considered by our society today. What is sometimes simply overlooked in foods is the appearance by which they come. Foods have color because of their ability to reflect and absorb the different wavelengths of visible light. When considering where these colors actually come from the answer usually involves one of the natural pigments of either anthocyanins or carotenoids. Anthocyanins are more commonly known to be present among plants. The colors they produce range from pink, red, and purple to blue. Carotenoids are considered to be more of a general igment as they are virtually found everywhere. These colors involve red, orange, and yellow which are typically most seen through nature. As to the presence of Anthocyanins in plants, it is important to realize that along with it comes the commonly known natural pigment of chlorophyll that is typically found in any plant that shows green. As the conversation onto the appearance of food continues, another aspect of food that would have to be considered is the texture of f oods. In liquids, one of the most common ways that is used to change texture or the look is through the process of emulsion. This involves combining two liquids that would normally be insoluble to each other by means of adding one to the other drop by drop. This process of emulsion can really be sped up by the addition of an emulsifying agent as well which allows for the two liquids to combine faster. When the actual term of â€Å"emulsifier† is used, this just describes the actual substance that allows small droplets of one liquid to become suspended into the other. In conclusion, food chemistry involves a large amount of organic and chemical structure knowledge in order to maintain and improve upon the food production and processing techniques that are already out there. Much more thought is often put into food chemistry then most people would think which shows why it is often not known or understood by the common person. However, as food development and preservation becomes even more prominent in our society today, common food chemistry knowledge should become more well known.

Reconstruction Era of the United States and New York Times

Allison Hwang Swanson 10:30 11/16/2012 Reconstruction's Failure Although the Civil War finally managed to come to a close, the end of the war wasn't exactly met with celebration. Instead, the Civil War brought up many new problems that were left unresolved. In order to solve these problems, the congress took responsibility and worked its way to â€Å"reconstruct† our nation. The main purpose of the â€Å"Congressional Reconstruction† was to ‘establish and protect the citizenship rights of the freedmen'.However, the Congress' Reconstruction efforts did not last too long and came to an end by the year of 1877. The main reasons for the failure of the reconstruction efforts were due to the conflicting views and factors upon the purpose of reconstruction. There were much political opposition from the north and the south as well as from the republicans and the democrats, the entire nation was facing economic hardships, and the attempt to place the freedmen in the same s ocial level as the white southerners caused so much tension that the efforts of the Congress' Reconstruction gradually failed.Even though the 13th and the 14th Amendments were ratified in 1866, which ensured equal rights of all citizens, many of the white population continued to treat the former slaves with inequality. Ignorance was one of the biggest factors that led to the failure of the efforts of the congress reconstruction. Although the former slaves were not granted liberty and freedom, they were still treated with inequality because many of the white men continued to believe that the black men should not have the equal rights as the white men. Pennsylvania Congressman Benjamin Boyer, a Democrat, said, â€Å"it is not the complexion of the negro that degrades him†¦. race by nature inferior in mental caliber†¦the negroes are not the equals of white Americans, and are not entitled†¦to participate in the Government of this country†¦Ã¢â‚¬  In his speech, Cong ressman Boyer basically denies the right of the African Americans to vote simply due to his belief that black men falls short of the white and that they aren't smart enough. In the excerpt in the New York Times it reads, â€Å"‘Ku Klux Klan' †¦its grand purpose being to establish a nucleus around which ‘the adherents of the late rebellion might safely rally. † The Ku Klux Klan was an organization that was formed in order to go against the purpose of the congress and lynch black men. Such activities were racially and violently performed, which undermined the Congress' efforts to ensure equal rights to freedmen. In the excerpts from the editorial, Atlanta News, it says, â€Å"If the white democrats of the North are men, they will not stand idly by and see us borne down by northern radicals and half-barbarous Negroes. But no matter what they may do, it is time for us to organize. † This editorial displays the racism that was demonstrated during the 1870s. The editorial is advocating the southern and the democratic whites to come together to stop the black. It refers to the black men as â€Å"half-barbarous negroes† which racially displays the belief of the whites of how the black men are far inferior compared to them. Racism was one of the big factors that led to the failure of the reconstruction. Another main factor that played a key role in the downfall of the congress reconstruction was the political opposition from the north and the south as well as against the democrats and the republicans. In an excerpt from The Era of Reconstruction it reads, â€Å"In May 1872†¦.Congress passed a general amnesty act which restored the right of office holding [and voting] to the vast majority of those who had been disqualified. † The restoration of the voting rights to the white Southerners undermined the efforts to preserve and protect the voting rights of the freedmen. This was so because when they gave back the rights to v ote to the white southerners, the Congress increased the number of white voters. Thus these voters took more political positions away from the freedmen. Also in November 1974, the headline text from the New York Times read, â€Å"DEMOCRATIC VICTORY; CONGRESS TO BE DEMOCRATIC. The victory of the Democratic only further affected the downfall of the efforts of the congress' reconstructions. Their victory helped undermine the Congress' efforts to help the freedmen because the democrats were simply against the reconstruction. The opposing political viewpoints amongst the nation only further adds to why the Congress' Reconstruction efforts to ensure equal rights to the freedmen failed. The final main factor that played a big role in the downfall of the Congress' Reconstruction was the economic hardships that both the north and the south had to face after the Civil War.The civil war left the nation in ruins as far as being economically devastated. Although the slaves were finally granted their freedom after over 200 years of fighting, they did not know what to do the moment they actually achieved their freedom. Although some blacks took advantage and became successful, there were many others who were left on the streets with no source of income to fend for themselves. In an excerpt from a book written by Dr. W. E. E. DuBois it reads, â€Å"But the decisive influence was the systematic and overwhelming economic pressure.Negroes who wanted work must not dabble in politics†¦ in order to earn a living, the American Negro was compelled to give up his political power. † According to Dubois, the freedmen were â€Å"convinced† to stop voting or taking part in political events because they were under economic pressure. They weren't to â€Å"dabble in politics† if they wanted to increase their income and to earn a living. The economic pressure of the slaves could also be seen in an interview with a man named John McCoy. He was born in 1838 and had li ved 27 years as a slave in Texas.In the interview he says, â€Å"Freedom wasn't no different I knows of. I works for Marse John just the same for a long time. He say one morning, â€Å"†¦. I'll feed you and give you clothes but can't pay you no money. I ain't got none. † Humph, I didn't know nothing what money was, nohow, but I knows I'll git plenty victuals to eat, so I stays†¦Ã¢â‚¬  This recollection by John McCoy displays the idea that the slaves may have even been better off to actually stay with their owners who will feed them and clothe them. This goes against the whole idea and purpose of the entire Civil War and the Congress' Reconstruction.Due to the economic hardships during the 1870s, John decided to stay with his owner despite being granted his freedom because he did not even have knowledge as to what money was and was simply grateful for the food and the clothing that his owner would provide for him in exchange for labor. There were a lot of different reasons that led to the failure of the efforts of the Congress' Reconstruction to ensure equal rights to the freedmen. The three main reasons that affected the Congress' Reconstruction efforts the most were political oppositions, economic hardships, and racial differences.The constant conflicts between the different viewpoints of the democrats and the republicans undermined the purpose of the Reconstruction efforts. Racism played a big role in that the white men continued to look down on the black men and always felt superior compared to them. Economic hardships were also very important in the failure of the reconstruction efforts in that some slaves felt as though staying with their owners despite their gained freedom was better than fighting for survival alone on the streets. In the end, despite all the efforts of the congress, the reconstruction came to an end in 1877.

Mollusks essays

Mollusks essays Everything You Ever Wanted to Know about Mollusks Mollusks: soft, squishy, slimy, and in some cases tasty animals. Mollusks have a soft body that may be protected by a hard shell. Some mollusks have hard outer shells, such as snails, while others have a light internal shell (squids) or no shell at all (octopuses). There are three characteristics that all mollusks have in common. First of all, mollusks have a mantle. This is their soft outer tissue layer. The mantle, in some species is what produces the hard outer shell. Secondly, mollusks have a muscular foot, which they use to move or hang on. The muscular foot appears in different ways on different mollusks. Third, between the mantle and the foot, there is the visceral mass. Most of the internal organs are located here. There is one more characteristic that most, but not all mollusks share. This is an open circulatory system in which blood flows freely over body tissues and organs. Although not all mollusks have separate sexes, they all reproduce sexually. Reproduction can involve internal or external fertilization. Internal fertilization occurs when a male mollusk transfers sperm into the female mollusk. After the eggs are fertilized, the female deposits them in a safe place for them to grow. External fertilization occurs when two mollusks release sperm and eggs into the water at the same time. The four most well known classes of mollusks are Cephalopoda, Gastropoda, Polyplacophora, and Bivalvia. Class cephalopod includes nautilus, squids, cuttlefish, and octopuses. Modern cephalopods are very much the same as their ancestors. They have very developed nervous systems and a closed circulatory system. Gastropods include mollusks such as snails, slugs, and conches. To feed, gastropods scrape algae, shred leaves, or capture prey with their radula. Some gastropods have destroyed millions of dollars in crops. Polyplacophoras most closely resemble ancient mollusks. Their shell i...

Care Plan Chronic Heart Failure Health And Social Care Essay

The physician to population ratio grew from 2/1000 people in 2000 to 2.4/ 1000 people in merely a mere 5 years3. Despite the rapid growing, the ratio is still short as compared to other European states viz. France, Germany or Italy. This is worsened by the fact that the figure of patients treated in NHS infirmaries rose by 15 % at the same clip interval3. It is of import to use the expertness of other health care professionals, viz. community druggists, in support of the increasing figure of patients in the community in order to better patient attention. The World Health Organization defines chronic complaints to be ‘a wellness job necessitating on-going direction over a period of old ages or decennaries ‘ . NHS Scotland has identified that chronic unwellness is farther complicated by demographical alterations, increasing co-morbidities, widening spread of wellness inequalities and the increased outlooks placed on the health care system4. Actions have been taken to promote modernisation of NHS community pharmaceutics in Scotland. The debut of the New Pharmacy Contract was the action program from the Scottish Executive ‘s scheme papers ‘The Right Medicine ‘ in which nucleus pharmaceutical attention services such as Chronic Medication Service ( CMS ) , Minor Ailments Service ( MAS ) , Acute Medication Service ( AMS ) and Public Health Service were designed to optimise the use of community druggist ‘s accomplishments to widen the range and farther better the quality of attention proviso to patients5. The contract was driven by a quotation mark by the World Health Organization ( WHO ) in 2002, adverting that reacting to the demands to patients with chronic conditions post the biggest challenge to wellness systems around the globe4. The foundation of the CMS is built upon the cardinal countries: patient centered ; clinical administration ; collaborative working ; support for execution ; monitoring and reappraisal and service development6. The nucleus aims of CMS are summarized in Appendix 1. The altering function of the druggist is in response to the increasing demand for betterment in patient ‘s medicines direction. The debut of the CMS is to further develop the parts of the community druggist to guarantee the continuity of pharmaceutical attention in patients with long-run conditions every bit good as cementing the stature of community druggists in the NHS4. Pharmaceutical attention is an effectual tool in the direction of chronic complaints and is defined as the responsible proviso of drug therapy for the intent of accomplishing definite results that improve a patient ‘s quality of life harmonizing to Hepler and Strand7. Pharmaceutical attention is hence a collaborative attempt between healthcare professionals endeavoring to better drug therapy direction via uninterrupted monitoring of inauspicious effects, effectivity and patient instruction all meeting to better patient ‘s quality of life8. Healthcare professionals play a critical function in autho rising patients to take charge of their ain wellness, as this would ease them in accomplishing their coveted quality of life relevant to their wellness believes6. Community druggist can be the accelerator in smoothing the patient ‘s journey of attention by being the gateway of information via improved entree to healthcare services and to back up self-care6. It is simple to merely purchase a battalion of medicine over the counter to handle an false unwellness but the bulk is incognizant of the possible injury it presents. Some might non take earnestly an overdose of medicines that have a broad curative index but for drugs that have a narrow curative index, a simple overdose could be fatal. There is merely so much a prescriber could make but hanker term attending is indispensable to guarantee that patients get the best out of their medicine particularly in those who have multiple co-morbidities. The attack of CMS is through the constitution of curative partnerships between general medical practicians, druggists and patients to better patient attention by guaranting better local entree to wellness care6. Fostering such commitment will minimise duplicate of functions and, with good defined functions, can advance a holistic attack to the pharmaceutical and clinical attention of patients6. The end is to assist patients harvest the most out of their medical specialties but besides minimise any associated risks4. Community druggist is frequently the first and lone point of call. Community druggists can bridge the spread in a patient ‘s journey of attention and therefore better the whole curative class by expecting, placing, deciding and forestalling medicine-related issues4,9. These medicine-related issues include: Safety and efficaciousness Side effects Conformity and harmony Identify markers of hapless control Symptom specific markers to motivate referral Supplying and advancing wellness information and instruction CMS is a service that requires patients ‘ voluntary engagement and is by and large broken down into 3 phases. Phase 1 involves the enrollment of the patient for the service. Stage 2 involves the debut of a generic model for pharmaceutical attention planning. Phase 3 is the constitution of the shared attention component between the GP and the community pharmacist6. A pharmaceutical attention program paperss the patient ‘s pharmaceutical attention demands, attention issues, desired results and actions required as portion of the pharmaceutical attention planning of the patient. Figure 1 summarizes the pharmaceutical attention be aftering rhythm. Identify and prioritise patients with pharmaceutical attention demands Identify and reexamine pharmaceutical attention issues Implement and proctor pharmaceutical attention program Formulate and document a pharmaceutical attention program Figure 1: Pharmaceutical Care Planning Cycle To get down of with attention planning, critical information that may act upon the attention program such as patient ‘s general wellness, allergic reactions or sensitivenesss, other medical conditions and hazard factors are noted. A hazard appraisal is so made to help the druggist in placing and prioritising any pharmaceutical attention needs that a patient might necessitate or is deprived from in footings of service, which as a consequence influences the therapy6. Next, an appraisal is made to place and reexamine the patients pharmaceutical attention demands and refering issues. This can enable the druggist to measure the medical specialties regimen that a patient is on in footings of efficaciousness or toxicity profile and besides allows the druggist to measure how deep the patients understand their medicines and intervention and the extend of their wellness believes. Subsequently, a pharmaceutical attention program is drafted based on the attention issues that have been iden tified with the understanding of the patient. This attention program serves as a protocol in which issues are placed on a hierarchy of precedence, outcome ends are defined, proposals to any class of action documented every bit good as clearly specifying the health care forces and their duties for assorted monitoring that ought to be conducted. Changeless reappraisals and monitoring is done to measure the results of the attention program upon execution and alterations are made along the manner, when required, to maximise the curative result. To accomplish the maximal curative benefit, the patient ‘s wellness belief and apprehension of the therapy is indispensable. Hence, reding and advice by the druggist before, during and after the procedure is good. Chronic Heart Failure ( CHF ) is one of the 13 long-run disease provinces covered in the CMS protocol stand foring the most frequent indicant for therapy4. The list of all 13 disease provinces are listed in Appendix 2. Heart Failure is one of the most crippling medical conditions which can badly impact a patient ‘s quality of life hence seting force per unit area on hospitalization and health care budgets10. The Scots Intercollegiate Guidelines Network ( SIGN ) defines CHF as a complex clinical syndrome ensuing from any structural/ functional upset that impairs the ability of the bosom to react to physiological demands for increased cardiac output11. Hence, bringing of blood is compromised12. Abnormality in cardiac construction, beat, map or conductivity can all take to unequal perfusion, venous congestion and disturbed H2O and electrolyte balance that underlie CHF13. In add-on, normal compensatory mechanisms become compromised taking to maladaptive secondary physiological effe cts that contribute to the progressive nature of the disease12. CHF can be a effect of assorted underlying complications such as myocardial infarction and/or high blood pressure and the most common being left ventricular systolic disfunction ( LVSD ) . Coronary arteria disease, aortal stricture, dilated myocardiopathy, alcoholic myocardiopathy, Chagas ‘ disease, endomyocardial fibrosis and other mechanical defects such as cardiac valvular disfunction, degenerative valve disease, arthritic valve disease, terrible anaemia and thyrotoxicosis are the more common causes of CHF around the Earth but other rarer causes do exist12,13. Management of these predisposing factors can be good in relieving the symptoms of bosom failure. Table 1 is the New York Heart Association ( NYHA ) categorization system used to sort patients with bosom failure based on their functional position. Table 2 is ACC /AHA phases of HF ; a addendum to the NYHA categorization. It is estimated that there is a prevalence of about 1-2 % for bosom failure in developed countries10,14. The life-time hazard of developing HF is approximately 20 % for patients above 40 old ages old and besides the taking cause of hospitalization for patients above 65 old ages old10,14. Harmonizing to the European Society of Cardiology, above 15 million patients are diagnosed with HF in 51 European states consisting a population of around 900 million15. The prevalence of HF is about 1-2 % in the western society and the incidences are between 5-10/ 1000 instances per annum16. A recent US population-based survey, the prevalence of bosom failure was 2.2 % ( 95 CI 1.6 % to 2.8 % ) , increasing from 0.7 % in individuals aged 45 through 54 old ages to 8.4 % for those aged 75 old ages or older17. Similar minor expense forms, 1 % for the 55-64 age group increasing to 13 % in the 75-84 age group was observed from the Rotterdam study18. In the contrary, for the below 50 age group, incidences of HF are rare16. Improved endurance from acute myocardial infarction ( MI ) coupled with the aging population contributes to the spike in incidence and prevalence of HF19. One critical function community pharmacist drama is to advice and offer guidance on a healthy life style. Lifestyle and dietetic alterations are schemes aimed at forestalling cardiovascular diseases ( CVD ) which are possible predisposing factors taking to CHF. The development of CVD is affected by multiple dietetic factors and an overall healthy diet will significantly cut down the hazard of CVD20. Consumption of fruits, veggies, grain merchandises, low-fat dairy merchandises and curtailing the sum of salt and unstable consumption are all portion of a well balanced diet11,21. Keeping a healthy organic structure weight is indispensable as fleshiness is an independent hazard factor for CVD. Morbid fleshiness has a strong association with mortality from CVD particularly in immature grownup males. Therefore, bar of fleshiness has to be taken early and in an aggressive manner22. Keeping optimum blood force per unit area, blood glucose every bit good as a desirable lipid profile is advise d to command or lower the hazard of CVD21. Maintaining physical and cardiovascular fittingness and a healthy weight can be achieved by changeless physical activities as it improves cardiovascular hazard factors every bit good as take downing the hazard of developing other chronic diseases21,23. Evidence has proven the strong association between smoking and cardiovascular jeopardies every bit good as the benefits of smoking cessation24. Therefore, look intoing the smoke position of patients and offering intercession where appropriate will be good to patients peculiarly in those who are at hazard of enduring from cardiovascular events24. Patients with CHF should be advised to discontinue smoking11. Moderate ingestion of intoxicant should besides be advised as extra alcohol ingestion can increase the hazard of CVD11,25. The above are merely the chief life style and dietetic parametric quantities that should be addressed with precedence to command or lower CVD hazards. Such steps should non be seen as stairss taken to forestall CVD but instead as stairss taken to promote everybody to populate a healthy life style to forestall any signifier of disease provinces. Psychosocial and psychological hurt have a important impact in morbidity and mortality after HF and hence societal and relationship factors may play an of import function in pull offing chronic conditions such as CHF26. The ends of intervention are to better quality of life11,13. Angiotensin Converting Enzyme Inhibitors ( ACEi ) Evidence has shown that ACEi therapy is good in take downing mortality, MI and rehospitalization for patients enduring from HF with LVD or HF with or without a recent MI27. A meta-analysis has shown that patients with CHF prescribed with an ACEi have a 23 % decrease in mortality and a 35 % decrease in rehospitalization27. Further meta-analysis is patients with LVSD, HF or both after MI has a comparative decrease in mortality rate of 26 % 27. Therefore, ACEi therapy is recommended in patients with all NYHA functional categories of HF due to LVSD11. Adverse effects include cough, hypotension, nephritic damage, angio-oedema and hyperkaelaemia. Dose titration and nephritic and electrolyte monitoring should be included in the attention program particularly in susceptible patients utilizing other medicines so that intercession could be established in instances where inauspicious effects are marked. Beta Blockers Treatment with bisoprolol, carvedilol and Lopressor Forty shows a decrease in mortality in patients with advanced HF based on the CIBIS- II, COPERNICUS, and MERIT-HF tests severally. Beta-blockers benefits in HF by demoing a 29 % decrease in hazard of mortality in CVD, 36 % decrease due to pump failure and all cause mortality decrease of 23 % 28. All patients with HF due to LVSD of all NYHA functional category should be started on beta-blockers every bit shortly as their status is stable and should be the first line picks for patients with CHF due to LVSD11. The effects of beta-blockers might non be seen instantly. Furthermore, deterioration of HF and hypotension might be present at the get downing hence dose should be titrated up suitably upon supervising. Beta-blockers are contraindicated in those with asthma, bronchospasm, 2nd or 3rd degree auriculoventricular bosom block or diagnostic hypotension11. Angiotensin II Receptor Blocker ( ARB ) ARBs antagonizes the binding of angiotonin II to its type 1 receptor hence exercising its action similar to ACEi ‘s with the benefit of non bring forthing dry cough as a side effect13. In CHARM Alternative, ARB intervention led to a comparative decrease of 23 % in primary result of CV deceases or rehospitalsation for patients with CHF having candesartan who are intolerant to ACEi29. The add-on of ARB to ACEi or beta-blocker intervention non merely had no consequence on mortality but markedly reduced HF rehospitalisation and mortality combined30. Patients with CHF due to LVSD, HF or LVSD or both station MI who are intolerant to ACEi should be considered for ARBs whilst patients with HF due to LVSD who are still diagnostic despite already on ACEi and beta-blockers, add-on of candesartan might be beneficial11. Aldosterone Adversaries Aldosterone adversary has been studied in patients with terrible diagnostic HF, led to a pronounced decrease in mortality and morbidity and improved symptoms13,31. It is recommended for patients with HF in NYHA category III and IV despite being on ACEi and beta-blocker while there is no grounds that Aldactone has any benefits in mild HF11,13. The RALES test has shown that the add-on of Aldactone to an ACEi yielded an all cause mortality of 30 % and cardiac mortality by 31 % 31. However, aldosterone adversaries produce many inauspicious effects on vascular map and myocardial fibrosis11. Spironolactone produces gynaecomastia, hyperkaelaemia, and nephritic disfunction hence blood carbamide, creatinine and electrolyte monitoring is essential11. Patients with terrible HF due to LVSD should be on Aldactone unless contraindicated11. Eplerenone can be used if patients are intolerant to spironolactone as grounds from EPHESUS survey has demonstrated a 13 % decrease from CVD or hospitalization for CVD and 21 % comparative rate of sudden decease in patients on eplerenone32. Diuretic drugs Fluid keeping doing ankle hydrops, pneumonic hydrops or both consequences in symptoms of dyspnea in most patients enduring from HF11. A meta-analysis supports that diuretic therapy is good for patients with dyspnea or hydrops with a 75 % decrease in mortality and 63 % betterment in exercising capacity33. The hazard of loop water pills doing hypokalaemia is offset by ACEi, ARBs and Aldactone. Therefore, monitoring of serum K is of import. Doses of water pills should be individualized to minimise unstable keeping taking into history the possibility of desiccation and nephritic impairments11. Digoxin In a Cochrane reappraisal, patients on Lanoxin showed a 64 % betterment in symptoms and a 23 % decrease in hospitalization but unluckily no betterment seen on survival34. Digoxin should be considered as an accessory therapy for instances in which patients with HF in fistula beat are non relieved on optimal therapy11. There are many issues associated with the usage of Lanoxin because of its narrow curative index, some of which are fatal such as its ability to increase the possibility of sudden decease and the hazard of toxicity in instance of hypokalaemia11. Therefore, the hazard over benefit of Lanoxin therapy should be carefully considered in the best involvement of the patient. Care Plan Chronic Heart Failure Health And Social Care Essay The physician to population ratio grew from 2/1000 people in 2000 to 2.4/ 1000 people in merely a mere 5 years3. Despite the rapid growing, the ratio is still short as compared to other European states viz. France, Germany or Italy. This is worsened by the fact that the figure of patients treated in NHS infirmaries rose by 15 % at the same clip interval3. It is of import to use the expertness of other health care professionals, viz. community druggists, in support of the increasing figure of patients in the community in order to better patient attention. The World Health Organization defines chronic complaints to be ‘a wellness job necessitating on-going direction over a period of old ages or decennaries ‘ . NHS Scotland has identified that chronic unwellness is farther complicated by demographical alterations, increasing co-morbidities, widening spread of wellness inequalities and the increased outlooks placed on the health care system4. Actions have been taken to promote modernisation of NHS community pharmaceutics in Scotland. The debut of the New Pharmacy Contract was the action program from the Scottish Executive ‘s scheme papers ‘The Right Medicine ‘ in which nucleus pharmaceutical attention services such as Chronic Medication Service ( CMS ) , Minor Ailments Service ( MAS ) , Acute Medication Service ( AMS ) and Public Health Service were designed to optimise the use of community druggist ‘s accomplishments to widen the range and farther better the quality of attention proviso to patients5. The contract was driven by a quotation mark by the World Health Organization ( WHO ) in 2002, adverting that reacting to the demands to patients with chronic conditions post the biggest challenge to wellness systems around the globe4. The foundation of the CMS is built upon the cardinal countries: patient centered ; clinical administration ; collaborative working ; support for execution ; monitoring and reappraisal and service development6. The nucleus aims of CMS are summarized in Appendix 1. The altering function of the druggist is in response to the increasing demand for betterment in patient ‘s medicines direction. The debut of the CMS is to further develop the parts of the community druggist to guarantee the continuity of pharmaceutical attention in patients with long-run conditions every bit good as cementing the stature of community druggists in the NHS4. Pharmaceutical attention is an effectual tool in the direction of chronic complaints and is defined as the responsible proviso of drug therapy for the intent of accomplishing definite results that improve a patient ‘s quality of life harmonizing to Hepler and Strand7. Pharmaceutical attention is hence a collaborative attempt between healthcare professionals endeavoring to better drug therapy direction via uninterrupted monitoring of inauspicious effects, effectivity and patient instruction all meeting to better patient ‘s quality of life8. Healthcare professionals play a critical function in autho rising patients to take charge of their ain wellness, as this would ease them in accomplishing their coveted quality of life relevant to their wellness believes6. Community druggist can be the accelerator in smoothing the patient ‘s journey of attention by being the gateway of information via improved entree to healthcare services and to back up self-care6. It is simple to merely purchase a battalion of medicine over the counter to handle an false unwellness but the bulk is incognizant of the possible injury it presents. Some might non take earnestly an overdose of medicines that have a broad curative index but for drugs that have a narrow curative index, a simple overdose could be fatal. There is merely so much a prescriber could make but hanker term attending is indispensable to guarantee that patients get the best out of their medicine particularly in those who have multiple co-morbidities. The attack of CMS is through the constitution of curative partnerships between general medical practicians, druggists and patients to better patient attention by guaranting better local entree to wellness care6. Fostering such commitment will minimise duplicate of functions and, with good defined functions, can advance a holistic attack to the pharmaceutical and clinical attention of patients6. The end is to assist patients harvest the most out of their medical specialties but besides minimise any associated risks4. Community druggist is frequently the first and lone point of call. Community druggists can bridge the spread in a patient ‘s journey of attention and therefore better the whole curative class by expecting, placing, deciding and forestalling medicine-related issues4,9. These medicine-related issues include: Safety and efficaciousness Side effects Conformity and harmony Identify markers of hapless control Symptom specific markers to motivate referral Supplying and advancing wellness information and instruction CMS is a service that requires patients ‘ voluntary engagement and is by and large broken down into 3 phases. Phase 1 involves the enrollment of the patient for the service. Stage 2 involves the debut of a generic model for pharmaceutical attention planning. Phase 3 is the constitution of the shared attention component between the GP and the community pharmacist6. A pharmaceutical attention program paperss the patient ‘s pharmaceutical attention demands, attention issues, desired results and actions required as portion of the pharmaceutical attention planning of the patient. Figure 1 summarizes the pharmaceutical attention be aftering rhythm. Identify and prioritise patients with pharmaceutical attention demands Identify and reexamine pharmaceutical attention issues Implement and proctor pharmaceutical attention program Formulate and document a pharmaceutical attention program Figure 1: Pharmaceutical Care Planning Cycle To get down of with attention planning, critical information that may act upon the attention program such as patient ‘s general wellness, allergic reactions or sensitivenesss, other medical conditions and hazard factors are noted. A hazard appraisal is so made to help the druggist in placing and prioritising any pharmaceutical attention needs that a patient might necessitate or is deprived from in footings of service, which as a consequence influences the therapy6. Next, an appraisal is made to place and reexamine the patients pharmaceutical attention demands and refering issues. This can enable the druggist to measure the medical specialties regimen that a patient is on in footings of efficaciousness or toxicity profile and besides allows the druggist to measure how deep the patients understand their medicines and intervention and the extend of their wellness believes. Subsequently, a pharmaceutical attention program is drafted based on the attention issues that have been iden tified with the understanding of the patient. This attention program serves as a protocol in which issues are placed on a hierarchy of precedence, outcome ends are defined, proposals to any class of action documented every bit good as clearly specifying the health care forces and their duties for assorted monitoring that ought to be conducted. Changeless reappraisals and monitoring is done to measure the results of the attention program upon execution and alterations are made along the manner, when required, to maximise the curative result. To accomplish the maximal curative benefit, the patient ‘s wellness belief and apprehension of the therapy is indispensable. Hence, reding and advice by the druggist before, during and after the procedure is good. Chronic Heart Failure ( CHF ) is one of the 13 long-run disease provinces covered in the CMS protocol stand foring the most frequent indicant for therapy4. The list of all 13 disease provinces are listed in Appendix 2. Heart Failure is one of the most crippling medical conditions which can badly impact a patient ‘s quality of life hence seting force per unit area on hospitalization and health care budgets10. The Scots Intercollegiate Guidelines Network ( SIGN ) defines CHF as a complex clinical syndrome ensuing from any structural/ functional upset that impairs the ability of the bosom to react to physiological demands for increased cardiac output11. Hence, bringing of blood is compromised12. Abnormality in cardiac construction, beat, map or conductivity can all take to unequal perfusion, venous congestion and disturbed H2O and electrolyte balance that underlie CHF13. In add-on, normal compensatory mechanisms become compromised taking to maladaptive secondary physiological effe cts that contribute to the progressive nature of the disease12. CHF can be a effect of assorted underlying complications such as myocardial infarction and/or high blood pressure and the most common being left ventricular systolic disfunction ( LVSD ) . Coronary arteria disease, aortal stricture, dilated myocardiopathy, alcoholic myocardiopathy, Chagas ‘ disease, endomyocardial fibrosis and other mechanical defects such as cardiac valvular disfunction, degenerative valve disease, arthritic valve disease, terrible anaemia and thyrotoxicosis are the more common causes of CHF around the Earth but other rarer causes do exist12,13. Management of these predisposing factors can be good in relieving the symptoms of bosom failure. Table 1 is the New York Heart Association ( NYHA ) categorization system used to sort patients with bosom failure based on their functional position. Table 2 is ACC /AHA phases of HF ; a addendum to the NYHA categorization. It is estimated that there is a prevalence of about 1-2 % for bosom failure in developed countries10,14. The life-time hazard of developing HF is approximately 20 % for patients above 40 old ages old and besides the taking cause of hospitalization for patients above 65 old ages old10,14. Harmonizing to the European Society of Cardiology, above 15 million patients are diagnosed with HF in 51 European states consisting a population of around 900 million15. The prevalence of HF is about 1-2 % in the western society and the incidences are between 5-10/ 1000 instances per annum16. A recent US population-based survey, the prevalence of bosom failure was 2.2 % ( 95 CI 1.6 % to 2.8 % ) , increasing from 0.7 % in individuals aged 45 through 54 old ages to 8.4 % for those aged 75 old ages or older17. Similar minor expense forms, 1 % for the 55-64 age group increasing to 13 % in the 75-84 age group was observed from the Rotterdam study18. In the contrary, for the below 50 age group, incidences of HF are rare16. Improved endurance from acute myocardial infarction ( MI ) coupled with the aging population contributes to the spike in incidence and prevalence of HF19. One critical function community pharmacist drama is to advice and offer guidance on a healthy life style. Lifestyle and dietetic alterations are schemes aimed at forestalling cardiovascular diseases ( CVD ) which are possible predisposing factors taking to CHF. The development of CVD is affected by multiple dietetic factors and an overall healthy diet will significantly cut down the hazard of CVD20. Consumption of fruits, veggies, grain merchandises, low-fat dairy merchandises and curtailing the sum of salt and unstable consumption are all portion of a well balanced diet11,21. Keeping a healthy organic structure weight is indispensable as fleshiness is an independent hazard factor for CVD. Morbid fleshiness has a strong association with mortality from CVD particularly in immature grownup males. Therefore, bar of fleshiness has to be taken early and in an aggressive manner22. Keeping optimum blood force per unit area, blood glucose every bit good as a desirable lipid profile is advise d to command or lower the hazard of CVD21. Maintaining physical and cardiovascular fittingness and a healthy weight can be achieved by changeless physical activities as it improves cardiovascular hazard factors every bit good as take downing the hazard of developing other chronic diseases21,23. Evidence has proven the strong association between smoking and cardiovascular jeopardies every bit good as the benefits of smoking cessation24. Therefore, look intoing the smoke position of patients and offering intercession where appropriate will be good to patients peculiarly in those who are at hazard of enduring from cardiovascular events24. Patients with CHF should be advised to discontinue smoking11. Moderate ingestion of intoxicant should besides be advised as extra alcohol ingestion can increase the hazard of CVD11,25. The above are merely the chief life style and dietetic parametric quantities that should be addressed with precedence to command or lower CVD hazards. Such steps should non be seen as stairss taken to forestall CVD but instead as stairss taken to promote everybody to populate a healthy life style to forestall any signifier of disease provinces. Psychosocial and psychological hurt have a important impact in morbidity and mortality after HF and hence societal and relationship factors may play an of import function in pull offing chronic conditions such as CHF26. The ends of intervention are to better quality of life11,13. Angiotensin Converting Enzyme Inhibitors ( ACEi ) Evidence has shown that ACEi therapy is good in take downing mortality, MI and rehospitalization for patients enduring from HF with LVD or HF with or without a recent MI27. A meta-analysis has shown that patients with CHF prescribed with an ACEi have a 23 % decrease in mortality and a 35 % decrease in rehospitalization27. Further meta-analysis is patients with LVSD, HF or both after MI has a comparative decrease in mortality rate of 26 % 27. Therefore, ACEi therapy is recommended in patients with all NYHA functional categories of HF due to LVSD11. Adverse effects include cough, hypotension, nephritic damage, angio-oedema and hyperkaelaemia. Dose titration and nephritic and electrolyte monitoring should be included in the attention program particularly in susceptible patients utilizing other medicines so that intercession could be established in instances where inauspicious effects are marked. Beta Blockers Treatment with bisoprolol, carvedilol and Lopressor Forty shows a decrease in mortality in patients with advanced HF based on the CIBIS- II, COPERNICUS, and MERIT-HF tests severally. Beta-blockers benefits in HF by demoing a 29 % decrease in hazard of mortality in CVD, 36 % decrease due to pump failure and all cause mortality decrease of 23 % 28. All patients with HF due to LVSD of all NYHA functional category should be started on beta-blockers every bit shortly as their status is stable and should be the first line picks for patients with CHF due to LVSD11. The effects of beta-blockers might non be seen instantly. Furthermore, deterioration of HF and hypotension might be present at the get downing hence dose should be titrated up suitably upon supervising. Beta-blockers are contraindicated in those with asthma, bronchospasm, 2nd or 3rd degree auriculoventricular bosom block or diagnostic hypotension11. Angiotensin II Receptor Blocker ( ARB ) ARBs antagonizes the binding of angiotonin II to its type 1 receptor hence exercising its action similar to ACEi ‘s with the benefit of non bring forthing dry cough as a side effect13. In CHARM Alternative, ARB intervention led to a comparative decrease of 23 % in primary result of CV deceases or rehospitalsation for patients with CHF having candesartan who are intolerant to ACEi29. The add-on of ARB to ACEi or beta-blocker intervention non merely had no consequence on mortality but markedly reduced HF rehospitalisation and mortality combined30. Patients with CHF due to LVSD, HF or LVSD or both station MI who are intolerant to ACEi should be considered for ARBs whilst patients with HF due to LVSD who are still diagnostic despite already on ACEi and beta-blockers, add-on of candesartan might be beneficial11. Aldosterone Adversaries Aldosterone adversary has been studied in patients with terrible diagnostic HF, led to a pronounced decrease in mortality and morbidity and improved symptoms13,31. It is recommended for patients with HF in NYHA category III and IV despite being on ACEi and beta-blocker while there is no grounds that Aldactone has any benefits in mild HF11,13. The RALES test has shown that the add-on of Aldactone to an ACEi yielded an all cause mortality of 30 % and cardiac mortality by 31 % 31. However, aldosterone adversaries produce many inauspicious effects on vascular map and myocardial fibrosis11. Spironolactone produces gynaecomastia, hyperkaelaemia, and nephritic disfunction hence blood carbamide, creatinine and electrolyte monitoring is essential11. Patients with terrible HF due to LVSD should be on Aldactone unless contraindicated11. Eplerenone can be used if patients are intolerant to spironolactone as grounds from EPHESUS survey has demonstrated a 13 % decrease from CVD or hospitalization for CVD and 21 % comparative rate of sudden decease in patients on eplerenone32. Diuretic drugs Fluid keeping doing ankle hydrops, pneumonic hydrops or both consequences in symptoms of dyspnea in most patients enduring from HF11. A meta-analysis supports that diuretic therapy is good for patients with dyspnea or hydrops with a 75 % decrease in mortality and 63 % betterment in exercising capacity33. The hazard of loop water pills doing hypokalaemia is offset by ACEi, ARBs and Aldactone. Therefore, monitoring of serum K is of import. Doses of water pills should be individualized to minimise unstable keeping taking into history the possibility of desiccation and nephritic impairments11. Digoxin In a Cochrane reappraisal, patients on Lanoxin showed a 64 % betterment in symptoms and a 23 % decrease in hospitalization but unluckily no betterment seen on survival34. Digoxin should be considered as an accessory therapy for instances in which patients with HF in fistula beat are non relieved on optimal therapy11. There are many issues associated with the usage of Lanoxin because of its narrow curative index, some of which are fatal such as its ability to increase the possibility of sudden decease and the hazard of toxicity in instance of hypokalaemia11. Therefore, the hazard over benefit of Lanoxin therapy should be carefully considered in the best involvement of the patient.

Quantitative Research Article Critique Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Quantitative Article Critique - Research Paper Example Independent and Dependent Variables of the Study For this study, a set of independent variables were initially tested for statistically significant effect on the dependent variable; the dependent variable being the test-taker’s success or failure at first sitting in an NCLEX-RN examination. The independent variables initially tested included SAT / ACT scores, science grade point average (GPA) prior to admission to the nursing program, critical thinking test score, writing portfolio score, individual nursing course grades, number of nursing course failures, all standardized test scores, graduating GPA, and number of semesters taken to complete the nursing program (McGahee, Gramling, & Reid, 2010). Science GPA was taken from the participant’s anatomy, physiology, and chemistry courses; the standardized tests were made up of a critical thinking test, an end of course test for each nursing course, and an RN Assessment test designed to predict NCLEX-RN success; the regular n umber of semesters required to complete the nursing program after completion of general education courses and acceptance into the nursing program was five. ... However, it may be noted that these same variables were not given due operational definitions which resulted in a vague description of how data was quantified in order to represent these variables. Without proper operationalization of the variables, future researchers may have a difficulty replicating such a study (Coughlan, Cronin, & Ryan, 2007). There was not much information on the demographic structure of the participants for this study. Their only qualification was being a graduate of a baccalaureate nursing school over a period of three years between fall 2006 and spring 2009. No information was provided on the participants’ sex, age, race/ethnicity, or socio-economic status. In addition, relevant characteristics of the sampled baccalaureate school were not identified (McGahee, Gramling, & Reid, 2010). Research Design A retrospective correlation design was used for this particular investigation (McGahee, Gramling, & Reid, 2010). As this study looks into possible predicto rs of NCLEX-RN success, the sample was treated as a whole and the independent variables were simply tested on their predictiveness capability, looking into main effects, and interaction effects between and among predictors. One notable discrepancy of this study is that the predictors were not tested for collinearity with each other. Duffy (2005) points out that such a test is necessary in order to filter out the possible redundant effects of certain variables. On the plus side, this study was designed in a similar manner as a number of previous studies as identified in the Review of Literature section. The methodologies used for this study bears similarities with the previous studies except for the specific variables under